gorm中文文档

入门指南

概述

全功能 ORM
关联 (Has One、Has Many、Belongs To、Many To Many、多态、单表继承)
Create、Save、Update、Delete、Find 前/后的勾子
基于Preload、Joins的预加载
事务、嵌套事务、保存点、回滚至保存点
Context、Prepared Statment 模式、DryRun 模式
批量插入、FindInBatches、查询至 Map
SQL Builder, Upsert, Locking, Optimizer/Index/Comment Hints
复合主键
自动迁移
自定义 Logger
灵活的可扩展插件 API：Database Resolver（读写分离）、Prometheus…
所有特性都通过了测试
开发者友好

快速入门

package main

import (
  "gorm.io/gorm"
  "gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
)

type Product struct {
  gorm.Model
  Code  string
  Price uint
}

func main() {
  db, err := gorm.Open(sqlite.Open("test.db"), &gorm.Config{})
  if err != nil {
    panic("failed to connect database")
  }

  // 迁移 schema
  db.AutoMigrate(&Product{})

  // Create
  db.Create(&Product{Code: "D42", Price: 100})

  // Read
  var product Product
  db.First(&product, 1) // 根据整形主键查找
  db.First(&product, "code = ?", "D42") // 查找 code 字段值为 D42 的记录

  // Update - 将 product 的 price 更新为 200
  db.Model(&product).Update("Price", 200)
  // Update - 更新多个字段
  db.Model(&product).Updates(Product{Price: 200, Code: "F42"}) // 仅更新非零值字段
  db.Model(&product).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"Price": 200, "Code": "F42"})

  // Delete - 删除 product
  db.Delete(&product, 1)
}

声明模型

type User struct {
  ID           uint
  Name         string
  Email        *string
  Age          uint8
  Birthday     *time.Time
  MemberNumber sql.NullString
  ActivedAt    sql.NullTime
  CreatedAt    time.Time
  UpdatedAt    time.Time
}

gorm.Model

// gorm.Model 的定义
type Model struct {
  ID        uint           `gorm:"primaryKey"`
  CreatedAt time.Time
  UpdatedAt time.Time
  DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
}

字段权限控制

type User struct {
  Name string `gorm:"<-:create"` // 允许读和创建
  Name string `gorm:"<-:update"` // 允许读和更新
  Name string `gorm:"<-"`        // 允许读和写（创建和更新）
  Name string `gorm:"<-:false"`  // 允许读，禁止写
  Name string `gorm:"->"`        // 只读（除非有自定义配置，否则禁止写）
  Name string `gorm:"->;<-:create"` // 允许读和写
  Name string `gorm:"->:false;<-:create"` // 仅创建（禁止从 db 读）
  Name string `gorm:"-"`  // 读写操作均会忽略该字段
}

创建/更新时间追踪

type User struct {
  CreatedAt time.Time // 在创建时，如果该字段值为零值，则使用当前时间填充
  UpdatedAt int       // 在创建时该字段值为零值或者在更新时，使用当前秒级时间戳填充
  Updated   int64 `gorm:"autoUpdateTime:nano"` // 使用纳秒级时间戳填充更新时间
  Updated   int64 `gorm:"autoUpdateTime:milli"` // 使用毫秒级时间戳填充更新时间
  Created   int64 `gorm:"autoCreateTime"`      // 使用秒级时间戳填充创建时间
}

嵌入结构体

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
}
// 等效于
type User struct {
  ID        uint           `gorm:"primaryKey"`
  CreatedAt time.Time
  UpdatedAt time.Time
  DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
  Name string
}

对于正常的结构体字段，你也可以通过标签 embedded 将其嵌入

type Author struct {
  Name  string
  Email string
}

type Blog struct {
  ID      int
  Author  Author `gorm:"embedded"`
  Upvotes int32
}
// 等效于
type Blog struct {
  ID    int64
  Name  string
  Email string
  Upvotes  int32
}

并且，您可以使用标签 embeddrefix 来为 db 中的字段名添加前缀

type Blog struct {
  ID      int
  Author  Author `gorm:"embedded;embeddedPrefix:author_"`
  Upvotes int32
}
// 等效于
type Blog struct {
  ID          int64
  AuthorName  string
  AuthorEmail string
  Upvotes     int32
}

| 标签名 | 说明 |
column 指定 db 列名
type 列数据类型，推荐使用兼容性好的通用类型，例如：bool、int、uint、float、string、time、bytes。并可与其他标签一起使用，例如：not null、size, autoIncrement… 像 varbinary(8) 这样指定数据库数据类型也是支持的。在使用指定数据库数据类型时，它需要是完整的数据库数据类型，如：MEDIUMINT UNSINED not NULL AUTO_INSTREMENT
size 指定列大小，例如：size:256
primaryKey 指定列为主键
unique 指定列为唯一
default 指定列的默认值
precision 指定列的精度
not null 指定列为 NOT NULL
autoIncrement 指定列为自动增长
embedded 嵌套字段
embeddedPrefix 嵌套字段的前缀
autoCreateTime 创建时追踪当前时间，对于 int 字段，它会追踪秒级时间戳，您可以使用 nano/milli 来追踪纳秒、毫秒时间戳，例如：autoCreateTime:nano
autoUpdateTime 创建/更新时追踪当前时间，对于 int 字段，它会追踪秒级时间戳，您可以使用 nano/milli 来追踪纳秒、毫秒时间戳，例如：autoUpdateTime:milli
index 根据参数创建索引，多个字段拥有相同的名称则创建复合索引，参考 索引 获取详情
uniqueIndex 与 index 相同，但创建的是唯一索引
check 创建检查约束，例如 check:(age > 13)，查看 约束 获取详情
<- 设置字段写入的权限， <-:create 只创建、<-:update 只更新、<-:false 无权限
-> 设置字段读取权限
- 忽略此字段（禁止读写）

连接到数据库

mysql

import (
  "gorm.io/driver/mysql"
  "gorm.io/gorm"
)

func main() {
  // 参考 https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#dsn-data-source-name 获取详情
  dsn := "user:pass@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
  db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.Open(dsn), &gorm.Config{})
}

db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{
  DSN: "gorm:gorm@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local", // DSN data source name
  DefaultStringSize: 256, // string 类型字段的默认长度
  DisableDatetimePrecision: true, // 禁用 datetime 精度，MySQL 5.6 之前的数据库不支持
  DontSupportRenameIndex: true, // 重命名索引时采用删除并新建的方式，MySQL 5.7 之前的数据库和 MariaDB 不支持重命名索引
  DontSupportRenameColumn: true, // 用 `change` 重命名列，MySQL 8 之前的数据库和 MariaDB 不支持重命名列
  SkipInitializeWithVersion: false, // 根据版本自动配置
}), &gorm.Config{})

连接池

sqlDB, err := db.DB()

// SetMaxIdleConns 设置空闲连接池中连接的最大数量
sqlDB.SetMaxIgleConns(10)

// SetMaxOpenConns 设置打开数据库连接的最大数量
sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(100)

// SetConnMaxLifetime 设置了连接可复用的最大时间
sqlDB.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Hour)

CURD

创建

user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}

result := db.Create(&user) // 通过数据的指针来创建

user.ID             // 返回插入数据的主键
result.Error        // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数

db.Select("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`created_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu", 18, "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

db.Omit("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`birthday`,`updated_at`) VALUES ("2020-01-01 00:00:00.000", "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")

钩子

func (u *User) BeforeCreate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
  u.UUID = uuid.New()

    if u.Role == "admin" {
        return errors.New("invalid role")
    }
    return
}

批量插入

var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu1"}, {Name: "jinzhu2"}, {Name: "jinzhu3"}}
DB.Create(&users)

for _, user := range users {
  user.ID // 1,2,3
}

查询

// 获取第一条记录（主键升序）
db.First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 获取一条记录，没有指定排序字段
db.Take(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 1;

// 获取最后一条记录（主键降序）
db.Last(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;

result := db.First(&user)
result.RowsAffected // 返回找到的记录数
result.Error        // returns error

// 检查 ErrRecordNotFound 错误
errors.Is(result.Error, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound)

// 获取全部记录
result := db.Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users;

result.RowsAffected // 返回找到的记录数，相当于 `len(users)`
result.Error        // returns error

条件

// 获取第一条匹配的记录
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 获取全部匹配的记录
db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu';

// IN
db.Where("name IN ?", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name in ('jinzhu','jinzhu 2');

// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%jin%';

// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' AND age >= 22;

// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE updated_at > '2000-01-01 00:00:00';

// BETWEEN
db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2000-01-01 00:00:00' AND '2000-01-08 00:00:00';

// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;

// 主键切片条件
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);

// 根据主键获取记录（仅适用于整型主键）
db.First(&user, 23)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 23;
// 根据主键获取记录，如果是非整型主键
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "string_primary_key")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 'string_primary_key';

// Plain SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;

// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// Not In
db.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");

// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age <> 18 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 不在主键切片中的记录
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3) ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';

// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2", Age: 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);

// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2", "age": 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2';

db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Table("users").Select("COALESCE(age,?)", 42).Rows()
// SELECT COALESCE(age,'42') FROM users;

order

db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

分页

db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;

// 通过 -1 消除 Limit 条件
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;

db.Limit(10).Offset(5).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 5 LIMIT 10;

// 通过 -1 消除 Offset 条件
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

分组

type result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int
}

db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Where("name LIKE ?", "group%").Group("name").First(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "group%" GROUP BY `name`


db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "group").Find(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING name = "group"

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

type Result struct {
  Date  time.Time
  Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)

join

type result struct {
  Name  string
  Email string
}
db.Model(&User{}).Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&result{})
// SELECT users.name, emails.email FROM `users` left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id

rows, err := db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
  ...
}

db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&results)

// 带参数的多表连接
db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "[email protected]").Joins("JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id").Where("credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Find(&user)

scan

type Result struct {
  Name string
  Age  int
}

var result Result
db.Table("users").Select("name", "age").Where("name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)

// 原生 SQL
db.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", "Antonio").Scan(&result)

高级查询

scopes

func AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("amount > ?", 1000)
}

func PaidWithCreditCard(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func PaidWithCod(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func OrderStatus(status []string) func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
  return func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Where("status IN (?)", status)
  }
}

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCreditCard).Find(&orders)
// 查找所有金额大于 1000 的信用卡订单

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCod).Find(&orders)
// 查找所有金额大于 1000 的货到付款订单

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, OrderStatus([]string{"paid", "shipped"})).Find(&orders)
// 查找所有金额大于 1000 且已付款或已发货的订单

count

var count int64
db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Or("name = ?", "jinzhu 2").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2'

db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu'; (count)

db.Table("deleted_users").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(*) FROM deleted_users;

// 去重计数
DB.Model(&User{}).Distinct("name").Count(&count)
// SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(`name`)) FROM `users`

db.Table("deleted_users").Select("count(distinct(name))").Count(&count)
// SELECT count(distinct(name)) FROM deleted_users

// 分组计数
users := []User{
  {Name: "name1"},
  {Name: "name2"},
  {Name: "name3"},
  {Name: "name3"},
}

DB.Model(&User{}).Group("name").Count(&count)
count // => 3

更新

save

db.First(&user)

user.Name = "jinzhu 2"
user.Age = 100
db.Save(&user)
// UPDATE users SET name='jinzhu 2', age=100, birthday='2016-01-01', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

updates

// 更新单个字段
// the user of `Model(&user)` needs to have primary key value, it is `111` in this example
db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 根据条件更新单个字段
db.Model(&user).Where("active = ?", true).Update("name", "hello")
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111 AND active=true;

// 通过 `struct` 更新多个字段，不会更新零值字段
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18, Active: false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id = 111;

// 通过 `map` 更新多个字段，零值字段也会更新
db.Model(&user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "actived": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, actived=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

在更新时修改值

func (user *User) BeforeSave(scope *gorm.Scope) (err error) {
  if pw, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword(user.Password, 0); err == nil {
    scope.SetColumn("EncryptedPassword", pw)
  }
}

db.Model(&user).Update("Name", "jinzhu")

删除

// 删除一条已有的记录（email 的主键值为 10）
db.Delete(&email)
// DELETE from emails where id=10;

// 通过内联条件删除记录
db.Delete(&Email{}, 20)
// DELETE from emails where id=20;

// 带上其它条件
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Delete(&email)
// DELETE FROM emails WHERE id=10 AND name = 'jinzhu'

db.Where("email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%").Delete(Email{})
// DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinzhu%";

db.Delete(Email{}, "email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%")
// DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinzhu%";

软删除

db.Delete(&user)
// UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE id = 111;

// 批量删除
db.Where("age = ?", 20).Delete(&User{})
// UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE age = 20;

// 在查询时会忽略被软删除的记录
db.Where("age = 20").Find(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20 AND deleted_at IS NULL;

永久删除

db.Unscoped().Delete(&order)
// DELETE FROM orders WHERE id=10;

原生sql

查询

type Result struct {
  ID   int
  Name string
  Age  int
}

var result Result
db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)

db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)

var age int
DB.Raw("select sum(age) from users where role = ?", "admin").Scan(&age)

执行

db.Exec("DROP TABLE users")
db.Exec("UPDATE orders SET shipped_at=? WHERE id IN ?", time.Now(), []int64{1,2,3})

// SQL 表达式
DB.Exec("update users set money=? where name = ?", gorm.Expr("money * ? + ?", 10000, 1), "jinzhu")

教程

context

单会话

db.WithContext(ctx).Find(&users)

持续会话

tx := db.WithContext(ctx)
tx.First(&user, 1)
tx.Model(&user).Update("role", "admin")

错误

 if err := db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user).Error; err != nil {
   // 处理错误...
 }
 if result := db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user); result.Error != nil {
   // 处理错误...
 }
  // 检查错误是否为 RecordNotFound
 err := db.First(&user, 100).Error
 errors.Is(tx.Error, ErrRecordNotFound)

当 First、Last、Take 方法找不到记录时，GORM 会返回 ErrRecordNotFound 错误。
如果发生了多个错误，你可以通过 errors.Is 判断错误是否为 ErrRecordNotFound

… … … 参考: gorm中文文档